CatholicCulture.org and extra ecclesiam nulla salus: we can choose between two interpretations of Vatican Council II

On the Culture
Salvation for Non-Catholics: Not a New Idea

By Dr. Jeff Mirus

August 05, 2010 6:52 PM

The Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation (Dei Verbum) cites St. Paul’s letter to the Romans when it asserts the possibility for salvation for non-Catholics and even for non-Christians. The assertion is made in the process of explaining the stages of Revelation. I’ve argued many times that this possibility has always been held by the Church. Indeed, the Letter to the Romans shows that a proper understanding of the question was already outlined in Sacred Scripture itself.

Lionel: Even those of us who support Fr. Leonard Feeney agree there is a possibility of non Catholics being saved ‘in certain circumstances’(Letter of the Holy Office 1949).This is not in conflict with the ex cathedra dogma extra ecclesiam nulla salus . The dogma says everyone needs to be an explicit, visible member of the Catholic Church to go to Heaven and avoid Hell and there are no exceptions. So everyone needs to be a formal member of the Church to avoid Hell, the infallible teaching says, and, we know if there is anyone with invincible ignorance, the baptism of desire or blood or a good conscience it will be known only to God.

I was reminded of the controversy when I summarized Dei Verbum earlier in the week, though I passed over it in the interests of brevity. I return to it now because so many seem to misunderstand it. The passage in question occurs early in the first chapter where the Council discusses God’s preliminary self-revelation through created things. The fathers state:

God, who through the Word creates all things (see John 1:3) and keeps them in existence, gives men an enduring witness to Himself in created realities (see Rom. 1:19-20). Planning to make known the way of heavenly salvation, He went further and from the start manifested Himself to our first parents. Then after the fall His promise of redemption aroused in them the hope of being saved (see Gen. 3:15) and from that time on He ceaselessly kept the human race in His care, to give eternal life to those who perseveringly do good in search of salvation (see Rom. 2:6-7).

The text then proceeds to the call of Abraham, the patriarchs, Moses and the prophets, and finally to the coming of Christ Himself.

Now, from the quoted passage in this Dogmatic Constitution, we see the Church asserting again that even non-Christians can be saved (as many Traditionalists and Feeneyites have flatly denied)

Lionel: Everyone on earth needs Catholic Faith and the Baptism of water to be saved (Ad Gentes 7). The Church knows of no other means to eternal beatitude other than the baptism of water (CCC 1257) given to adults with Catholic Faith.This was also the teaching of Fr.Leonard Feeney.

There can be no case of the Baptism of Desire which can be known explicitly or implicitly by us. We do not know any case of the Baptism of Desire in our lifetime. It is only God who gives this grace and only he knows to whom it is explicit.

Since no one knows of a particular person who is being saved with the Baptism of Desire we cannot place it against the de fide teaching that everyone needs to be a visible member of the Catholic Church.

Then there is the definition of the Baptism of Desire on the website of the St.Benedict Centre,NH,USA (Catholicsm.org). So we cannot say that this community of Fr.Leonard Feeney denies the Baptism of Desire.

and that, furthermore, they can be saved without a last-minute chance to accept Christ and the Church through a private revelation offered to those deemed sufficiently oriented toward the good (as some modern Feeneyites, struggling to hold a position more compatible with Catholic teaching, now argue).

Lionel: They can be saved in a last-minute chance but then again this is a hypothetical case. We do not know any one in particular and can never really know. So it is not in conflict with the ex cathedra dogma which says everyone in particular needs to convert into the Catholic Church to avoid Hell. Fr.Leonard Feeney and his community members and supporters say the same.

Rather, the Council states that it is simply part of God’s Providential care for man to give eternal life “to those who perseveringly do good in search of salvation”.

Lionel: And this search must orient them into the Catholic Church outside of which no one can be saved.

It goes without saying that the salvation of every person of whatsoever condition is made possible only by Christ’s redemptive sacrifice.

Lionel: A person must respond to receive this salvation.One responds by living the Gospel within the Catholic Church, by entering the Church which the Bible tells us is Jesus’ Mystical Body.

One must be incorporated somehow into Christ to be saved, and this includes a real if mysterious joining to His mystical body the Church, even for those who are not juridical members.

Lionel: Correct. Formal entry is needed for all with no exception.

Pope John Paul II called this “substantial” rather than “formal” membership, and I do not question it.

 Lionel: No one can know when his membership is substantial. Hence for salvation everyone needs to be a formal member of the Church. This is the teaching of the infallible dogma and other Church documents.

But here we are talking about what God requires for salvation from those who have been given very little, and in fact what he requires is that they “perseveringly do good in search of salvation” according to whatever understanding of the Good and God they have been given, even if this is only from creation itself. It is this response to whatever grace the Holy Spirit has written in their hearts which alone suffices to join them to Christ in an invisible way.

The Conciliar reference, again, is to Romans 2:6-7. St. Paul is rebuking Jews who think they will be saved by the Law while those without the Law will, by that fact alone, be damned. This is very similar to the case of those who trust in juridical (external) membership in the Church, as if all formal members are pleasing to God and all those beyond the bounds of formal membership are reprobate.

Lionel: For salvation one needs to be a formal member of the Catholic Church and at the time of death be without a single mortal sin.

But Paul says this is not how God works:

For He will render to every man according to his works: to those who by patience in well-doing seek for glory and honor and immortality, he will give eternal life; but for those who are factious and do not obey the truth, but obey wickedness, there will be wrath and fury. (Rom 2:6-8) (portion cited by the Council in italics)

The rest of the relevant verses in chapter 2 are equally instructive:

There will be tribulation and distress for every human being who does evil, the Jew first and also the Greek, but glory and honor and peace for everyone who does good, the Jew first and also the Greek. For God shows no partiality. All who have sinned without the law will also perish without the law, and all who have sinned under the law will be judged by the law. For it is not the hearers of the law who are righteous before God, but the doers of the law who will be justified. When Gentiles who have not the law do by nature what the law requires, they are a law to themselves, even though they do not have the law. They show that what the law requires is written on their hearts, while their conscience also bears witness and their conflicting thoughts accuse or perhaps excuse them on that day when, according to my gospel, God judges the secrets of men by Christ Jesus. (Rom 2:8-16)

It is not at all a new idea, then, that salvation is possible to those who do not know Christ or His Church.

Lionel:True. As long as we know that this can happen in only ‘certain circumstances’ and is not the general rule of salvation.

The equally certain teaching that “outside the Church there is no salvation” refers to the fact that all those who respond properly to whatever grace they are given are mysteriously joined to Christ, and in fact are substantial if not formal members of the Church, as several Popes have taught using various terms to express the idea.

Lionel: When one responds to the grace given then one chooses to be a formal member of the Catholic Church. This grace is available for all.


If there is someone in invincible ignorance etc then it will be known to God only and he will provide the necessary helps, as St.Thomas Aquinas says.

Clearly, then, anyone who understands what the Church is and knowingly rejects her cannot be saved.

Lionel: This would include millions of people in the cities of the developed world. In Rome all Jews, Muslims and other Catholics know about the Catholic Church and so they are all oriented to Hell (Ad Gentes 7)

But those who, despite their unfortunate ignorance, “perseveringly do good in search of salvation” can be.

Lionel: True however it must be remembered that this is just a concept for us.We do not know any particular person.

The conscious opportunity to draw into union with God using the totality of graces and teachings present only in the Church is an incomparable gift. The beauty and wonder of this gift is only magnified by the fact that salvation is also possible without it.

Lionel: No salvation is possible without it. Everyone is saved through Jesus and His Mystical Body the Church. There are only Catholics in Heaven.

Of course, this too has its dangers, for to whom much has been given, from him much will be demanded (Lk 12:48). But nowhere in the relevant Magisterial texts down through the centuries is there any teaching that—for those who have been given little—something they have not been given will be required.

Lionel: The Magisterial texts indicate that every one must be a card carrying member of the Catholic Church, to avoid Hell and there are no exceptions.

Note: There are can be two intrerpretations of Vatican Council II

1. According to Jeffrey Mirus

The ex cathedra dogma extra ecclesiam nulla salus says everybody needs to be an explicit member of the Church and there are no exceptions however according to Dei Verbum ,Lumen Gentium 16 etc a person can be saved who is not a member of the Catholic Church. So Vatican Council II refutes or contradicts the infallible teaching.

2. According to Lionel Andrades

The ex cathedra dogma extra ecclesiam nulla salus says everybody needs to be an explicit member of the Church and there are no exceptions and if a person is saved who is not a member of the Catholic Church (LG 16,Vatican Council II etc) then this will be known only to God. So Vatican Council II does not contradict the infallible teaching.

____________________________________________________________________________

Jeffrey Mirus  is  President of CatholicCulture.org.His report is available on the main page of the website.